ABSTRACT
Immunotherapy has been recently considered as a promising alternative for cancer treatment. Indeed, targeting of immune checkpoint (ICP) strategies have shown significant success in human malignancies. However, despite remarkable success of cancer immunotherapy in pancreatic cancer (PCa), many of the developed immunotherapy methods show poor therapeutic outcomes in PCa with no or few effective treatment options thus far. In this process, immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment (TME) is found to be the main obstacle to the effectiveness of antitumor immune response induced by an immunotherapy method. In this paper, the latest findings on the ICPs, which mediate immunosuppression in the TME have been reviewed. In addition, different approaches for targeting ICPs in the TME of PCa have been discussed. This review has also synopsized the cutting-edge advances in the latest studies to clinical applications of ICP-targeted therapy in PCa.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The numerous side effects and chemo-resistance of conventional chemical drugs in the treatment of malignancies have led to consideration of the anti-cancer properties of natural products. In the present study, we aimed to explore the apoptotic effect of two natural components, resveratrol and prednisolone, on the T acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cell line, CCRF-CEM. Our findings suggested the incorporation of these natural agents into drug regimens to treat patients with ALL. METHODS: In this study, we investigated the effect of different doses of resveratrol (15, 50 and 100 µM) and prednisolone (700 µM) on BAX (apoptosis promoter) and BCL2 (apoptosis inhibitor) expressions following 24 and 48 hours of treatment on CCRF-CEM cells, using real-time PCR, and on apoptosis induction using flow cytometry. RESULTS: The results showed a time- and dose-dependent increase in BAX expression and a decrease in BCL2 expression. Apoptosis was induced in CCRF-CEM cells treated with resveratrol and prednisolone for 24 and 48 hours. Combined resveratrol and prednisolone treatment showed synergistic effects on the overexpression of BAX and the downregulation of BCL2. The drug combination had a greater influence on apoptosis induction compared with either drug administered alone after 48 hours of treatment. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggested that resveratrol exhibited a remarkable efficacy to improve the influence of glucocorticoids drugs, especially prednisolone, to induce apoptosis in the CCRF-CEM cell line.
Subject(s)
Humans , Apoptosis , Biological Products , Cell Line , Down-Regulation , Flow Cytometry , Glucocorticoids , Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma , Precursor T-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma , Prednisolone , Real-Time Polymerase Chain ReactionABSTRACT
Background: M2000 is a newly designed and safe Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug [NSAID]. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of M2000 on expression levels of Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling-1 [SOCS-1] and Src Homology-2 domain containing inositol-5'-phosphatase 1 [SHIP1] proteins via Toll-Like Receptor [TLR] 2/microRNA-155 pathway
Methods: HEK293 TLR2 cell line and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells [PBMCs] were treated by different concentrations of M2000 in MTT assay. RNA was extracted by miRN easy Mini kit. Then, cDNA was synthesized and the expression levels of SOCS1, SHIP1 and miRNA155 were evaluated by Quantitative Real time PCR
Results: Our results showed that M2000 significantly increased the expression levels of SOCS1 and SHIP-1 in Lipopolysachride [LPS]-treated and non-treated cells. Moreover, M2000 decreased expression level of miR-155 in LPS treated PBMCs
Conclusion: M2000 can be used as NSAID in LPS induced inflammation and decrease inflammatory cytokines production by targeting SOCS1, SHIP1 and miR-155 in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases
Subject(s)
Humans , Toll-Like Receptor 2/drug effects , MicroRNAs/drug effects , Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 1 Protein/drug effects , src Homology Domains , IranABSTRACT
The current study was assigned to evaluate the total phenol, total flavonoid content [TPC, TFC] and antioxidant properties of extracts from the aerial parts of Scrophularia frigida [S. frigida]. Extracts were also tested by preliminary phytochemical screening as well as cytotoxic activity against Artemia salina, MCF-7 [human breast carcinoma] and SW-480 [colon carcinoma] and L-929 [normal] cell lines along with antimicrobial characteristic. DPPH, MTT and Brine shrimp lethality tests and disc diffusion method were carried out to determine the biological activities of the different extracts of S. frigida. In addition, the extracts which had more potent antioxidant and antiproliferative activity were further analyzed by NMR and GC-MS. 40% methanol-water [from MeOH extract] fraction showed higher amounts of TPC, TFC and antioxidant property. Findings of the study for general toxicity effect showed that dichloromethane [DCM] and MeOH extracts had weak to moderate effects. Furthermore, DCM extract indicated the most potent anti-proliferative activity against cancer cell lines. No evidence of antibacterial activity was determined. On the other hand, analysis of the potent extract DCM in cytotoxic assay showed the presence of trans-phytol and cis-oleic acid in GC-MS. Furthermore, NMR analysis of potent methanolic fractions in antioxidant tests revealed the presence of iridoids and phenolics. Generally, the results of TPC, TFC and antioxidant activity of extracts and fractions were in agreement with each other
ABSTRACT
Objective To identify the frequencies (F) of ferredoxin and nitroreductase mutations on Iranian clinical isolates of Giardia lamblia in order to predict whether the nitazoxanide can be prescribed as suitable drug for symptomatic to metronidazole-resistant giardiasis. Methods Forty Giardia lamblia isolates as of 38 symptomatic and two metronidazole-resistant patients were collected from Iran. DNAs were extracted and amplified by targeting ferredoxin and GlNR genes. The amplicons were directly sequenced to determine gene mutations. Results The various amino acid substitutions (F: 20%, Haplotype diversity: 0.891, Tajima's D: −0.440 13) were identified by analyzing ferredoxin gene in four symptomatic and two resistant isolates. Only two haplotypes (F: 5%, HD: 0.345; Tajima's D: 0.778 15) characterized in metronidazole-resistant isolates of GlNR, however, no point mutations was found in symptomatic isolates. Conclusions Non-synonymous mutations of ferredoxin oxidoreductase gene reduce translational regulatory protein's binding affinity which concludes reduction of ferredoxin expression and its activity. This leads to decrease in metronidazole drug delivery into the cells. Mutations in these isolates may lead to their resistance to metronidazole. No to low synonymous mutations of GlNR demonstrates that nitazoxanide can be prescribed as promising alternative treatment for symptomatic to metronidazole-resistant giardiasis in Iranian clinical isolates.
ABSTRACT
Background: Human leukocyte antigen-G [HLA-G] is a non-classical class I molecule highly expressed by extravillous cytotrophoblast cells. Due to a single base pair deletion, its function can be compensated by other isoforms. Investigating the frequency of null allele in Recurrent Miscarriage [RM] subjects could be useful in understanding the relationship between frequency of this allele and RM in a given population
Objective: This study aimed to determine the frequency of HLA-G*0105N null allele and its potential association with down-regulation of HLA-G in subjects with RM
Materials and Methods: Western blotting was used to assess the level of HLA-G protein expression. For investigating the frequency of HLA-G*0105N null allele in RM subjects, PCR-RFLP method was used. Exon 3 of HLA-G gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction [PCR]. Subsequently, PpuM-1 enzyme was employed to digest the PCR products and fragments were analyzed using gel electrophoresis
Results: Digestion using restriction enzyme showed the presence of heterozygous HLA-G*0105N null allele in 10% of the test population. Western blotting results confirmed the decrease in expression of HLA-G in the placental tissue of subjects with RM compared to subjects who could give normal birth
Conclusion: The frequency of heterozygous HLA-G*0105N null allele was high to some extent in subjects with RM. The mutation rate in subjects suggested that there is a significant association between RM and frequency of mutations in this allele
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE@#To identify the frequencies (F) of ferredoxin and nitroreductase mutations on Iranian clinical isolates of Giardia lamblia in order to predict whether the nitazoxanide can be prescribed as suitable drug for symptomatic to metronidazole-resistant giardiasis.@*METHODS@#Forty Giardia lamblia isolates as of 38 symptomatic and two metronidazole-resistant patients were collected from Iran. DNAs were extracted and amplified by targeting ferredoxin and GlNR genes. The amplicons were directly sequenced to determine gene mutations.@*RESULTS@#The various amino acid substitutions (F: 20%, Haplotype diversity: 0.891, Tajima's D: -0.44013) were identified by analyzing ferredoxin gene in four symptomatic and two resistant isolates. Only two haplotypes (F: 5%, HD: 0.345; Tajima's D: 0.77815) characterized in metronidazole-resistant isolates of GlNR, however, no point mutations was found in symptomatic isolates.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Non-synonymous mutations of ferredoxin oxidoreductase gene reduce translational regulatory protein's binding affinity which concludes reduction of ferredoxin expression and its activity. This leads to decrease in metronidazole drug delivery into the cells. Mutations in these isolates may lead to their resistance to metronidazole. No to low synonymous mutations of GlNR demonstrates that nitazoxanide can be prescribed as promising alternative treatment for symptomatic to metronidazole-resistant giardiasis in Iranian clinical isolates.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To evaluate the capability of recombinant Leishmania LPG3 and its fragments in the activation of B cells. Methods: In the present study, human B cells were purified from peripheral blood of 10 adult healthy subjects using magnetic-activated cell sorting technique. Subsequently, purified B cells were treated with recombinant LPG3, and its N-terminal and C-terminal fragments at different concentrations (2, 10 and 20 μg/mL). B cell activation was assessed through expression of CD69 molecule by flow cytometry and secretion of IL-6, TNF-α and IL-10 cytokines via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay following treatment with recombinant antigens. Results: Our results showed that while the recombinant LPG-3 could significantly increase the production of IL-6 and TNF-α (P < 0.05) in B cells, it had no effect on the secretion of IL-10 by B cells. Conclusions: Our study indicated that recombinant LPG-3 and especially its N-terminal fragment could stimulate B cell response as an important immune response component against leishmaniasis. Thus, it seems that it can be considered as an effective adjuvant in vaccine developments against leishmaniasis.
ABSTRACT
CD19 is a pan B cell marker that is recognized as an attractive target for antibody-based therapy of B-cell disorders including autoimmune disease and hematological malignancies. The object of this study was to stably express the human CD19 antigen in the murine NIH-3T3 cell line aimed to be used as an immunogen in our future study. Total RNA was extracted from Raji cells in which high expression of CD19 was confirmed by flow cytometry. Synthesized cDNA was used for CD19 gene amplification by conventional PCR method using Pfu DNA polymerase. PCR product was ligated to pGEM-T Easy vector and ligation mixture was transformed to DH5 alpha competent bacteria. After blue/white selection, one positive white colony was subjected to plasmid extraction and direct sequencing. Then, CD19 cDNA was sub-cloned into pCMV6-Neo expression vector by double digestion using Kpnl and HindIII enzymes. NIH-3T3 mouse fibroblast cell line was subsequently transfected by the construct using Jet-PEI transfection reagent. After 48 hours, surface expression of CD19 was confirmed by flow cytometry and stably transfected cells were selected by G418 antibiotic. Amplification of CD19 cDNA gave rise to 1701 bp amplicon confirmed by alignment to reference sequence in NCBI database. Flow cytometric analysis showed successful transient and stable expression of CD19 on NIH-3T3 cells [29 and 93%, respectively]. Stable cell surface expression of human CD19 antigen in a murine NIH-3T3 cell line may develop a proper immunogene which raises specific anti-CD19 antibody production in the mice immunized sera
Subject(s)
NIH 3T3 Cells , Cell Line , B-Lymphocytes , Cloning, Organism , Gene Expression , Immunogenetics , MiceABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the capability of recombinant Leishmania LPG3 and its fragments in the activation of B cells.@*METHODS@#In the present study, human B cells were purified from peripheral blood of 10 adult healthy subjects using magnetic-activated cell sorting technique. Subsequently, purified B cells were treated with recombinant LPG3, and its N-terminal and C-terminal fragments at different concentrations (2, 10 and 20 μg/mL). B cell activation was assessed through expression of CD69 molecule by flow cytometry and secretion of IL-6, TNF-α and IL-10 cytokines via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay following treatment with recombinant antigens.@*RESULTS@#Our results showed that while the recombinant LPG-3 could significantly increase the production of IL-6 and TNF-α (P < 0.05) in B cells, it had no effect on the secretion of IL-10 by B cells.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Our study indicated that recombinant LPG-3 and especially its N-terminal fragment could stimulate B cell response as an important immune response component against leishmaniasis. Thus, it seems that it can be considered as an effective adjuvant in vaccine developments against leishmaniasis.
ABSTRACT
Epidermal growth factor receptor [EGFR] overexpression is a characteristic of several malignancies and could be considered as an excellent target for designing specific inhibitors such as anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies for cancer therapy. Drawbacks exerted by large sizes of full-length antibodies have lead to the development of single chain antibodies, which benefit from having smaller sizes and short circulation half-lives. The aim of this study was cloning, expression and purification of variable regions of anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody in E. coli for production of single chain antibodies. The RNA, extracted from the C225 hybridoma cells, was reverse transcribed into cDNA and used for PCR amplification of genes encoding light and heavy chains from the variable regions. The PCR products were cloned and expressed in E. coli BL21 for production of a single chain antibody. The expressed protein was analyzed by SDS-PAGE and purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. The reactivity of purified C225-scFv with EGFR-expressing A431 tumor cell line was tested by western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The results indicated that C225-scFv was highly expressed in E. coli and appeared as a protein with a mass of 27 kDa in the sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis [SDS-PAGE] analysis of the induced cell lysate. Reactivity analysis of the purified C225-scFv with A431 tumor cell line by western blotting and enzyme linked immune sorbant assay [ELISA] revealed high binding affinity of the recombinant C225-scFv to the target cells. The results of this study indicated that C225-scFv is capable of binding to EGFR and could be considered as a useful tool for diagnosis and treatment of EGFR-overexpressing tumor cells
ABSTRACT
CD34 is a type I membrane protein with a molecular mass of approximately 110 kDa. This antigen is associated with human hematopoietic progenitor cells and is a differentiation stage-specific leukocyte antigen. In this study we have generated and characterized monoclonal antibodies [mAbs] directed against a CD34 marker. Mice were immunized with two keyhole lympet hemocyanin [KLH]-conjugated CD34 peptides. Fused cells were grown in hypoxanthine, aminopterine and thymidine [HAT] selective medium and cloned by the limiting dilution [L.D] method. Several monoclones were isolated by three rounds of limited dilutions. From these, we chose stable clones that presented sustained antibody production for subsequent characterization. Antibodies were tested for their reactivity and specificity to recognize the CD34 peptides and further screened by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA] and Western blotting analyses. One of the mAbs [3D5] was strongly reactive against the CD34 peptide and with native CD34 from human umbilical cord blood cells [UCB] in ELISA and Western blotting analyses. The results have shown that this antibody is highly specific and functional in biomedical applications such as ELISA and Western blot assays. This monoclonal antibodies [mAb] can be a useful tool for isolation and purification of human hematopoietic stem cells [HSCs]
Subject(s)
Animals, Laboratory , Antibodies, Monoclonal , Hematopoietic Stem Cells , Mice, Inbred BALB CABSTRACT
The well documented source for adult multipotent stem cells is Spermatogonial Stem Cells [SSCs]. They are the foundation of spermatogenesis in the testis throughout adult life by balancing self-renewal and differentiation. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of percoll density gradient and differential plating on enrichment of undifferentiated type A spermatogonia in dissociated cellular suspension of goat testes. Additionally, we evaluated the separated fractions of the gradients in percoll and samples in differential plating at different times for cell number, viability and purification rate of goat SSCs in culture. Testicular cells were successfully isolated from one month old goat testis using two-step enzymatic digestion and followed by two purification protocols, differential plating with different times of culture [3, 4, 5, and 6 hr] and discontinuous percoll density with different gradients [20, 28, 30, and 32%]. The difference of percentage of undifferentiated SSCs [PGP9.5 positive] in each method was compared using ANOVA and comparison between the highest percentage of corresponding value between two methods was carried out by t-test using Sigma Stat [ver. 3.5]. The highest PGP9.5 [94.6 +/- 0.4] and the lowest c-Kit positive [25.1 +/- 0.7] in Percoll method was significantly [p
ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) is a novel therapeutic target in various malignancies, including breast cancer. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of the pharmacologic inhibition of SCD1 on fatty acid composition in tissue explant cultures of human breast cancer and to compare these effects with those in adjacent nonneoplastic breast tissue. METHODS: Paired samples of tumor and adjacent noncancerous tissue were isolated from 12 patients with infiltrating ductal breast cancer. Samples were explant cultured in vitro, exposed to the highly selective SCD1 inhibitor CAY10566, and examined for fatty acid composition by gas liquid chromatography. The cytotoxic and antigrowth effects were evaluated by quantification of lactate dehydrogenase release and by sulforhodamine B (SRB) measurement, respectively. RESULTS: Breast cancer tissue samples were found to have higher levels of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) (p<0.001) and arachidonic acid (20:4n-6, p<0.001) and a lower level of linoleic acid (18:2n-6, p=0.02) than the normal-appearing breast tissues. While exhibiting no evident cytotoxicity, treatment with the SCD1 inhibitor, CAY10566 (0.1-1 microM), for 48 hours significantly increased 18:2n-6 levels in both the tumor and adjacent normal-appearing tissue (approximately 1.2 fold, p<0.05). However, the breast cancer tissue samples showed significant increases in the levels of MUFA and 20:4n-6 compared to the normal-appearing breast tissues (p<0.05). The SRB growth assay revealed a higher rate of inhibition with the SCD1 inhibitor in breast cancer tissues than in normal-appearing tissues (p<0.01, 41% vs. 29%). The SCD1 inhibitor also elevated saturated fatty acid (1.46-fold, p=0.001) levels only in the tumor tissue explant. CONCLUSION: The fatty acid composition and response to SCD1 inhibition differed between the explant cultures from breast cancer and the adjacent normal-appearing tissue. Altered fatty acid composition induced by SCD1 inhibition may also, in addition to Delta9 desaturation, modulate other reactions in de novo fatty acid synthesis and lipogenesis, and subsequently affect the overall survival and progression of breast cancer.
Subject(s)
Humans , Arachidonic Acid , Breast , Breast Neoplasms , Chromatography, Liquid , Fatty Acid Desaturases , Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated , L-Lactate Dehydrogenase , Linoleic Acid , Lipogenesis , Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase , Tissue Culture TechniquesABSTRACT
Effector CD4[+] T cell subsets play an important role in Multiple Sclerosis [MS]. Interleukin-27 [IL-27] suppresses Th [Th1, Th2 and Th17] cells and dampens autoimmunity and tissue inflammation by promoting the generation of Type 1 regulatory T cells [Tr1]. To identify the relative levels of IL-27 and IL-17A in MS disease. In a case-control study, venous blood was collected from forty MS patients and forty-three healthy subjects as control group. Serum levels of IL-27 and IL- 17A were measured by ELISA method. A significant difference between serum IL-17A concentration in patients [120.68 +/- 209.85 pg/ml] and control group [67.26 +/- 117.76 pg/ml, p=0.016] was found. Serum IL-27 levels of the MS patients [159.7 +/- 581.4 pg/ml] were significantly lower than control subjects [180.35 +/- 507.84 pg/ml, p=0.001]. Our findings show decreased levels of IL-27 against increasing IL-17A levels in patients group which may suggest the suppressive role of IL-27 on inflammatory process of MS
Subject(s)
Humans , Multiple Sclerosis/immunology , Interleukin-27/blood , Autoimmune Diseases , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Case-Control StudiesABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy of women worldwide. Radiotherapy consists of a vital element in the treatment of breast cancer but relative side effects and different radioactive responses are limiting factors for a successful treatment. Doxorubicin has been used to treat cancers for over 30 years and is considered as the most effective drug in the treatment of breast cancer. There are also many chronic side effects that limit the amount of doxorubicin that can be administered. The combined radio-drug treatment, with low doses, can be an approach for reducing side effects from single modality treatments instead of suitable cure rates. METHODS: We have studied the effect of 1, 1.5, and 2 Gy doses of 9 MV X-rays along with 1 microM doxorubicin on inducing cell death, apoptosis and also p53 and PTEN gene expression in T47D and SKBR3 breast cancer cells. RESULTS: Doxorubicin treatment resulted in upregulation of radiation-induced levels of p53 and downregulation of PTEN at 1 and 1.5 Gy in T47D breast cancer cells, as well as downregulation of p53 mRNA level of expression and upregulation of PTEN mRNA level of expression in SKBR3 breast cancer cell line. In addition, doxorubicin in combination with radiation decreased the viability of breast cancer cell lines in the both cell lines. CONCLUSION: Low doses of doxorubicin, with least cell toxicity, may be an effective treatment for breast cancer when used in conjunction with ionizing radiation.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Apoptosis , Breast , Breast Neoplasms , Cell Death , Cell Line , Combined Modality Therapy , Down-Regulation , Doxorubicin , Gene Expression , Radiation, Ionizing , RNA, Messenger , Up-RegulationABSTRACT
The aim of this research is investigation of Cu/Zn Superoxide Dismutase enzyme of lymphocytic cell gene expression, total antioxidant status and oxidative stress changes following intensive exercise in young men athletes. This study was a semi-experimental research with a repeated measures design. 20 young men athletes [age range of 21-23 years] participated in this study after signing an informed consent form. Blood sample were collected in pre intensive exercise [grade: 5%, speed: 7/5 mile/h, time: 20 minutes] immediately and recovery [3 hours after exercise test], and Real time-polymerase chain reaction was used for evaluation of Cu/Zn SOD gene expression and autoanalyzer for other markers. H[2]O[2] level and mRNA of Cu/Zn SOD were both increased ,immediately and 3 hours after of exercise [p=0/012, p=0/014], [2.95 +/- 0.84 and 3.37 +/- 0.99] but this changes were not reported significant, but TAS levels are effectively ,raised only in recovery state [p=0/009] [0.86 +/- 0.16]. Intensive exercise increases oxidative stress markers and can weakens the immune system of men athletes, but they raise the activity of antioxidant enzymes in response to threat of free radicals, so Cu/Zn SOD gene expression does not significantly increased
ABSTRACT
The research show that the relationship between antioxidant markers with inflammatory and oxidative stress markers levels changes was not clear, so the purpose of this study is investigation of relationship between total antioxidant status with creatine phosphokinase and hydrogen peroxide in the athlete girls influenced by acute exercise training This study was a semi-experimental research with a repeated measures design and 25 athlete girls within the age range of 21-24 years old volunteered to participate in the research after having expressed their consent through a consent form. Blood sample were collected in the three stages; pre of GXT [Graded exercise test] exercise test [grade: 5%, speed: 12 km/h, time: 20 minutes], immediately and 3 h after exercise test [recovery phase]. Auto analyzer device was used for measurement of total antioxidant status, H[2]O[2] and CPK level, also mixed model methods used for statically analysis. Total antioxidant status [TAS] concentration was faced with a significance increase after of exercise training [p /= 0/065] [0.88 +/- 0.15]. Plasma levels of hydrogen peroxide has not significantly changed after exercise [p >/= 0/255] [2.84 +/- 1.38], and this increase was significant only in the recovery phase [p
ABSTRACT
Inflammatory enzymes and free radicals are important factors affecting the immune system. However, there seems to be no detailed information about the extent to which these factors can affect superoxide dismutase 1 gene expression in female athletes, especially in incremental exercises. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the correlation between superoxide dismutase 1 gene expression with lactate dehydrogenase [LDH] and free radicals in female athletes after an incremental intensity exercise. Fifteen 22-24 year old female athletes from Urmia, Iran voluntarily participated in the study after completing an informed consent form in 2010. Venous blood samples were collected in three stages: prior to, immediately and 3 h after an incremental exercise [12 km/h at a 5% gradient for 20 min]. Real-time PCR was used to assess superoxide dismutase1 [SOD-1] gene expression as was an autoanalyzer for hydrogen peroxide [H2O2] and LDH concentrations. LDH concentration significantly increased in both stages of the exercise [immediately and 3 h after the exercise], [respectively, P=0.009 and P=0.026], but H2O2 concentration significantly increased only in the recovery phase [P=0.002]. SOD-1 mRNA did not significantly increase in any stage of the exercise [P=0.05]. Moreover, there was only a significant correlation between SOD-1 mRNA and H2O2 increase [P=0.014]. Incremental exercise increased H2O2 and LDH levels in female athletes but only free radicals had a significant effect on SOD-1 gene expression
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Young Adult , Lactate Dehydrogenases/blood , Free Radicals , Exercise , AthletesABSTRACT
Background: Prior research indicates that the relationship between inflammatory enzymes and total antioxidant status, andthe effect of gender on this relationship have not been determined clearly. For this reason, the aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of gender differences on the relationship between total antioxidant status and inflammatory enzymes following intensive aerobic exercise in young athletes
Materials and methods: This research was conducted using a semi-experimental method with repeated measures. The statistical population consisted of volunteer athletes, 15 female and 15 male, from Urmia, who participated in this study after having expressed their consent through a consent form. The subjects performed intensive aerobic exercise test [speed: 12 km/h, gradient: 5%, time: 20 minutes] and blood samples were collected in three stages, before, immediately after, and 3 h after the exercise [recovery] for measurement of total antioxidant status [TAS], creatine phosphokinase [CPK], and lactate dehydrogenase [LDH] levels. The blood samples were analyzed by an autoanalyzer. Data was analyzed by SPSS 18 and Excel 2010 software packages
Result: Statistical analysis showed a significant relationship between TAS concentration and LDH and CPK levels in girls [p<0.006 and p<0.02, respectively], while in boy athletes, a significant relationship was reported only between TAS concentration and CPK level [p<0.015]
Conclusion: Intensive aerobic exercise can affect inflammatory enzyme levels in athletes, and the high levels of these enzymes have a stimulating effect on the antioxidant response. Gender differences also affect this response and female athletes have a better immune response than male athletes